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Loss of Physical Performance, Strength, and Muscle in Sarcopenia

Ivan Cavero

A characteristic of ageing, sarcopenia is described as the loss of muscular mass, strength, and physical performance. It is usually linked to altered amino acid metabolism, increased muscle protein catabolism in comparison to anabolism, and muscle fiber loss. Sarcopenia can coexist with obesity [sarcopenic obesity (SO)], or it might be linked to a general decrease of body mass. Sarcopenia has been demonstrated to contribute to poor surgical results,increased chemotherapy toxicity associated with both cytotoxic and targeted drugs, as well as negatively affecting survival in patients with malignant illness; however its effects may even be more severe in these individuals. While sarcopenia development is a common age-related phenomenon, the catabolic processes that go along with it seem to be encouraged by physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and systemic low-grade inflammation, in addition to intrinsic muscle and molecular changes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired muscle stem cell regenerative capacity.Although many older cancer patients do not meet the recommendations for physical activity and nutrition, and cancer treatment can make it more challenging to make positive lifestyle changes, increased physical activity and an adequate protein intake can reduce the incidence and severity of sarcopenia in cancer patients. The detrimental clinical effects of sarcopenia in older people, particularly older cancer patients, are explored. Along with recommendations for therapies,reviews of lifestyle, molecular, and cellular variables that affect sarcopenia and its concomitant consequences are also included.